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A Timeline
Here is a brief outline of major events that
have shaped Sinclair history.
New entries are solicited; see the
timeline entry submission form.
See also
—jsq
General
| c1250 B.C. |
Moses
Moses in Egypt.
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General
| 753 B.C., 21 Apr |
Rome
Traditional date of the foundation of Rome.
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| 660 B.C., 11 Feb |
Amaterasu
Sun goddess founds Japanese Imperial line.
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Scotland
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General
| 515 B.C. |
Second Temple
Organization by Ezra and Nehemiah results in a new temple.
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| 324 B.C., 12 Nov |
Era of Alexander
Commonly used for dating in the ancient world.
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General
| 312 B.C., 1 Sep |
Era of Seleucus
Commonly used for dating in the ancient world.
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| 204 B.C. |
Great Wall
Shih Huang Ti erects wall to keep out barbarians.
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| 125 B.C., 19 Oct |
Era of Tyre
Commonly used for dating in the ancient world.
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General
| 63 B.C. |
Pompey
takes Jerusalem for Rome.
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General
| 45 B.C., 1 Jan |
Julian Era
Julius Caesar reforms the calendar.
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| 26 B.C., 29 Aug |
Egyptian Year
Augustus reforms the Egyptian calendar.
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| c4 B.C. |
Jesus b.
Before the death of King Herod the Great.
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General
| c3 B.C., 6 Jan |
Twelfth Night
The Three Wise Men, Kings, or Magi, traditionally named
Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar,
and representing Europe, Asia and Africa,
bring gifts to the baby Jesus, twelve nights after the birth.
Traditionally the night is called Twelfth Night and the day is Epiphany.
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England
| T.E. Lawrence d. |
1935, May 19
Also known as "Lawrence of Arabia/Auranz-bey,"
died in England from injuries sustained in a motorcycle crash.
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Scotland
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General
| 284, 29 Aug |
Era of Diocletian
Commonly used for dating.
Also called Era of Martyrs by Eusebius and early ecclesiastical writers.
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Scotland
| 297 |
Picts
first mentioned
Source: Mackie
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General
| 336, 25 Dec |
First Christmas
First recorded celebration of Christmas on Dec. 25 took place in Rome.
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England
| 388 |
Magnus Maximus defeated
at Battle of Poetovio (Italy)
Spanish by
origin, Magnus Clemens Maximus commanded Gratian's army in Britain. It was
there that in July 383, his soldiers proclaimed him emperor, after which
Maximus invaded Gaul, where Gratian was then campaigning. Deserted by his
troops, Gratian fled first for Lyons, and then Italy, but he was overtaken
and assasinated. This left Maximus as ruler of Britain, Gaul, Spain and
Africa, a position he could have kept had his ambition not gotten the better
of him.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
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Scotland
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General
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Scotland
| 455? |
Ceredig
raids Ireland
Source: Ashe
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General
| c527 |
Anno Domini
Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Little) propagates our current
system of dating years from the birth of Jesus
(although he got that date wrong).
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England
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Scotland
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 565, 22 Aug |
Nessie first sighted
St Columba reported that he had seen a monster in Loch Ness.
"ON another occasion also, when the blessed man was living for some days in
the province of the Picts, he was obliged to cross the river Nesa (the
Ness); and when he reached the bank of the river, he saw some of the
inhabitants burying an unfortunate man, who, according to the account of
those who were burying him, was a short time before seized, as he was
swimming, and bitten most severely by a monster that lived in the water;
...."
The story continues Columba asked if anyone would swim across the river and
get a boat.. Lugneus Mocumin entered the water. The monster saw Lugneus
swimming surfaced to eat Lugneus.. Columba raised his hand and made the
sign of the Cross in the air. He called the name of God and spoke the
monster "Go no further! Do not touch the man! Go back at once!" The monster
retreated to the depths of the Loch Ness. Lugneus, unharmed brought the boat
back.
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
Life of Saint Columba, Founder of Hy. Written by Adamnan, Ninth Abbot of
that Monastery, ed. William Reeves, ( Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1874)
Source: Internet Medieval Source Book.
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General
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England
| 604, 26 May |
Saint Augustine of Canterbury died
The "Apostle of the English," Augustine (not to be confused with
Augustine of Hippo) founded the Christian Church in southern England,
first archbishop of Canterbury.
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Scotland
| c. 600 |
Scots in Dalriada
Scotti emigrate from Ireland to the northwest of Britain,
in what is now Argyllshire, and that they called
Dalriada.
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| 603 |
Aidan
def. at Degsastan
Source: Mackie
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General
| 622, July 16 |
Hejira
Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina.
Year 1 of the Muslim calendar, in the long history of
Islam
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Scotland
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General
| 639, 19 Jan |
Dagobert I d.
King of Austrasia, Soissons, Burgundy, and Neustria.
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England
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Scotland
| 672 |
Brude
King of Picts
Source: Mackie
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 685 |
Egfrith
defeated, died
Source: Mackie
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General
| 712 |
Kojiki
Japanese Record of Ancient Matters
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Scotland
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General
| 800 |
Vikings
Channel coast invaded by Vikings.
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England
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Scotland
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 871- 890 |
Rogenwald the Mighty
First Jarl of Orkney and
the progenitor of the Sinclairs.
Source: Niven Sinclair
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General
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Scotland
| c878 |
Giric
King of Scots gives liberty to church
Source: Mackie
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| c880 |
Sigurd
Jarl of Orkney
Source: Mackie
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 891 |
Einar
Jarl of Orkney
Source: Mackie
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| 911 |
Treaty of St Clair
Charles III, the Simple, cedes Neustria to Rollo the Viking
at St Clair-sur-Epte;
Neustria becomes known as Normandy.
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 954 |
Indulf
King of Scots
Source: Mackie
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General
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England
| 1027 |
William b.
Birth of William, the future conqueror of England, at Falaise.
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Scotland
| 1035- 1046 |
Rogenwald II
19th Jarl of Orkney, son of Brusi.
Source: Niven Sinclair
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General
| 1054 |
Great Schism
East (Orthodox) and West (Roman) Christian churches mutually
excommunicate each other.
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England
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Scotland
| 1040, Aug 14 |
Macbeth
King of Scots.
Macbeth replaced Duncan as king.
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| 1054, 27 July |
Battle of Dunsinane
Macbeth defeated near Crieff.
The Sword Dance, or Ghillie Chalium has war as its starting point. The
dance popular at Highland Games; legend has it that it was danced on the
eve of battle, and that for the soldier to touch or displace the sword
portended a curse in the approaching fight. There are many other
theories regarding the origin of the Sword Dance, and one of is that
Malcolm III Canmore, after having defeated one of Macbeth's chiefs at
the Battle of Dunsinane in 1054, appropriated his defeated adversaries
sword, placed over his own to formed a cross with his own and danced
wildly to the pipes.
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General
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England
| 1066, 4 Jan |
Edward the Confessor d.
King of England dies.
Enter
William, stage left.
Source: The Middle Ages, ed H.R. Loyn Thams and Hudson 1989 Singapore
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Scotland
| 1057, Aug 15 |
Macbeth k.
King of Scots killed by Malcolm, son of Duncan I at Lumphanan, Mar, Scotland
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General
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England
| 1087, 9 Sep |
William d.
William the Conqueror, The Bastard, King of England, Duke of Normandy,
Count of Rouen died in Rouen.
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| 1089, 28 May |
Lanfranc died
Lanfranc Benedictine monk Abbot of La Bec Hellouine was appointed
Archbishop of Canterbury by William the Conqueror.
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Scotland
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 1107, 9 Jan |
David
King of Strathclyde
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 1165, 10 Dec |
William the Lion
King of Scots.
His standard of a red lion rampant on a yellow field becomes the
royal banner of Scotland, replacing the earlier Pictish boar.
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General
| 1227, 18 Aug |
Genghis Khan d.
Mongol warrior-ruler Genghis Khan, died during the siege
of Hsingchungfu in West Hsia, China. Khan conquered from the Adriatic
Sea to the Pacific Coast of China.
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| 1229, Apr 12 |
Albigensians
From 1208 until this date a Crusade
was held in the southwest corner of France (Languedoc or Provence)
against a people who called themselves Christians.
Others called them Albigensians after their town of Albi, or
Cathars.
Their crime was a heretical interpretation of the religion
and too much political power,
in the person of Raymond VI of Toulouse (1194-1212),
who on the onset of the crusade declared himself Catholic and tried
to lead it, but later fought for the Cathars.
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England
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Scotland
| 1222 |
Argyll
Alexander II of Scotland conquers Argyll.
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General
| 1248, Aug 14 |
Cologne Cathedral begun
Rebuilding after a fire of the largest Gothic church in northern Europe,
the Cologne Cathedral, was begun, to be completed after 632 years,
on 14 August 1880. First church on the site 873.
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England
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Scotland
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General
| 1289, Oct 4 |
Louis X b.
Louis X (the Stubborn) king of France (1314-16).
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England
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Scotland
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General
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Scotland
| 1297, 11 Sep |
Battle of Stirling
William Wallace of Scotland def. English, Cambuskenneth Bridge
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| 1298, 22 July |
Falkirk
Wallace loses to English and Welsh longbows
Source: ToW
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General
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Scotland
| 1305, 23 Aug |
Wallace executed
Scots patriot Sir William Wallace was hung, drawn, and quartered in
London, his body parts were later exhibited in assorted English cities.
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General
| 1314 |
John I
King of France (7 days)
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England
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Scotland
| 1314 |
Byland
Robert I of Scotland defeats Edward II of England
Source: ToW
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General
| 1316 |
Edward Bruce
brother of Robert Bruce invades Ireland
Source: ToW
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| 1318 |
Faughart
Edward Bruce defeated, killed
Source: ToW
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England
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Scotland
| 1319 |
Myton
Scots win
Source: ToW
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England
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Scotland
| 1332, 11 Aug |
Dupplin Muir
Edward Baliol defeats Earl of Mar.
Source: ToW
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General
| 1347- 1354 |
The Black Death
Bubonic plague kills 1/3 the population of Europe
and causes massive disruptions in society,
including longlasting effects on
art,
religious practices and beliefs.
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England
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Scotland
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General
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England
| c1370 |
Lollards
John Wycliffe, a survivor of the
Black Death,
published a Bible in English.
He was condemned as a heretic in 1381,
because the Church had not authorized translation
of the Bible into vernacular languages, preferring to use the Latin Vulgate.
His followers were called Lollards.
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Scotland
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General
| 1380, 17 Nov |
No Taxes
French King Charles VI declared no taxes forever.
Source: labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
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England
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Scotland
| 1379, 22 Dec |
Blockade of Chioggia
Venetians organized by Admiral Carlo Zeno, the Lion,
sink obstructions to blockade Genoese and allies at
Chioggia.
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England
| 1400, 14 Jan |
Richard II murdered
King of England murdered at Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire.
Source: The Oxford Companion to British History 1997 Oxford also published in New York ISBN 0-19-866176-2
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Scotland
| 1402, 14 Sep |
Homildon Hill
Earl of Douglas invades England; defeated by Percy.
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General
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England
| 1415, 25 Oct |
Agincourt
Henry V of England defeats the French on St. Crispin's Day.
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Scotland
| 1411 |
Harlaw
Earl of Mar defeats Donald and English
Source: ToW
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General
| 1429, 7 May |
B. Orleans
Joan of Arc def. English
Source: ToW
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| 1431, 30 May |
Joan of Arc
Burned at the stake in Rouen.
Source: ToW
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England
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Scotland
| 1436 |
Roxburgh
James I defeated
Source: ToW
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General
| 1453, May 29 |
Turks take Constantinople
Constantinople fell to the Turks After a siege lasting weeks; the
forces of Mehmed II at last breached the walls that had stood
impenetrable for more than a thousand years, and the city fell. With the
Fall of Constantinople, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) ended,
and with it the last piece of Rome after 2000 years.
This caused a revival of Greek language and literature
in the west, due to refugees fleeing to
Venice and elsewhere.
This in turn led to a revival of biblical scholarship, which was
one of the contributing factors to the
Reformation.
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England
| 1441, 24 June |
Eton
Henry VI founds Eton College
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| 1455, 22 May |
First Battle of Saint Albans
the first battle of the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Saint Albans
occurred when Richard, Duke of York became convinced that the king's
wife, Margaret of Anjou, was plotting his destruction with Edmund
Beaufort, the Duke of Somerset. Somerset was killed and King Henry VI
captured.
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Scotland
| 1450, 21 Sep |
Rosslyn Chapel dedicated
as The Collegiate Church of St Matthew.
The Chapel was re-consecrated during its actual
building; there is a Papal Bull issued to that effect.
The old church of St Matthew was a much smaller church and was already
falling into ruin on commencement of the new one. The family had another
small Chapel within Rosslyn Castle.
Source: Mrs. Judith Fisken, former Curator of Rosslyn Chapel
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General
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England
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Scotland
| 1460, 10 Aug |
James III
Coronation as King of Scots
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General
| 1492 |
Columbus
The Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella conquered
Granada, the last Muslim kingdom in Spain, expelled the Jews,
and sent Columbus to America.
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| 1492, 11 Aug |
Pope Alexander VI
Spaniard Rodrigo de Borja proclaimed pope Alexander VI.
He has been charged with corruption, including the buying out of church
officials to obtain the papacy, he did adopt a policy of tolerance and
respect towards Jews.
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England
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Scotland
| 1495, 1 June |
Scotch Whisky
1st written record of Scotch Whisky appears in Exchequer Rolls
of Scotland, Friar John Cor is the distiller
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General
| 1498, 23 May |
Girolamo Savonarola executed
Domenican friar and reformer in Florence. Angered Pope Alexander VI and
the Duke of Milan. Governed Florence briefly in the form of a democratic
republic. Viciously persecuted, tried, tortured, and sentenced to death
by papal commissioners on fabricated evidence.
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England
| 1498, 31 July |
Columbus sights La Trinidad
Christopher Columbus, on his third voyage to the New World,
first sighted the island he called La Trinidad. Upon his return to Spain,
he told the King about the island -- describing it as very lush and
pleasant. Spain ruled Trinidad and nearby Tobago until 1797, Britain
took over. Trinidad and Tobago became independent in 1962.
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Scotland
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General
| 1517, 31 Oct |
Lutheran
Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses
opposing indulgences
and other defects he perceived in the Catholic religion to the door
of the church in Wittenberg, in Saxony;
the beginning of the Lutheran Church and of the Reformation.
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Scotland
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General
| 1525 |
Anabaptists
or Mennonites founded in Switzerland.
They were called Anabaptists by their enemies,
because they rebaptised members who had previously been baptised as infants.
They were violently persecuted to the death.
One of their few leaders who died naturally was Menno Simons,
from whom they took the name Mennonites.
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England
| 1530, 29 Nov |
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey d.
Adviser to England's King Henry VIII.
Cardinal and statesman who dominated the government of England's King
Henry VIII from 1515 to 1529. His unpopularity contributed, upon his
downfall, to the anticlerical reaction that was a factor in the English
Reformation. The immediate cause of Wolsey's fall from power was his
failure to persuade Pope Clement VII to grant Henry an annulment of his
marriage to Catherine of Aragon. There had long been a party of nobles
who hated the lowborn, overbearing cardinal. When his final attempt to
obtain the annulment collapsed in July 1529, these enemies easily turned
the king against him. In October Wolsey was indicted on a praemunire
charge of having overstepped his legatine authority. Stripped of all his
offices and preferments except York, he left London for York in April
1530. Nevertheless, Henry was led to believe that he was conspiring to
recover his position. Wolsey was arrested on November 4 on charges of
treason (for corresponding with the French court), but he died at the
end of the month while on his way to face the king.
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Scotland
| 1529, May 18 |
Battle of Summerdale
Sinclairs of Caithness
v.
Sinclairs of Orkney;
John Sinclair, third Earl of Caithness, dies.
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General
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England
| 1534 |
Church of England
Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy that made the monarch of
England (then Henry VIII) head of the English Church.
Henry had formerly been a strong critic of Luther,
and had been given the title Defender of the Faith by the Pope.
When the Pope would not grant him a divorce, he changed his opinions.
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General
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England
| 1536, 18 July |
No Pope in England
Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese B 29 Feb 1468 d 10 Nov 1549) and
sucessors authority declared void in England
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Scotland
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England
| 1553, 10 July |
Queen Jane
Queen of England for nine days.
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Scotland
| 1548, 10 Sep |
Pinkie
Somerset defeats Scots
Source: ToW
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General
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England
| 1553, 3 Aug |
Mary I
crowned Queen of England.
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Scotland
| 1558 |
Mary Stuart
becomes Queen of France by marrying the dauphin Francois II.
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General
| 1559 |
Calvinists
John Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Calvin strongly influenced the Puritans, Presbyterians, and others.
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| 1562- 98 |
Huguenot
(Protestant) revolts throughout France.
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England
| 1559 |
Puritan
Some people were first called Puritans.
They were a movement or people of like mind who wanted
to purify the Christian religion.
There was no separate Puritan church as such.
They tended to stay in their church of origin unless they were ejected,
as often happened, after which they tended to become
Presbyterians
or Congregationalists.
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| 1559, 16 Jan |
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth Tudor crowned as Queen of England.
Source: Oxford Companion
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Scotland
| 1560 Feb |
Leith
Scots defeat French
Source: ToW
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General
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Scotland
| 1566, 19 Jun |
James VI b.
future King of Scots born, Edinburgh Castle, Scotland.
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| 1567 |
Mary m. her cousin
James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, murderer of her husband, Henry Stuart,
Lord Darnley.
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| 1567, 10 Feb |
Darnley murdered
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, father
of the future King James VI, is murdered.
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England
| 1568, July 13 |
bottled beer
The Dean of Old St Paul's Cathedral, London perfected the bottling of beer.
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Scotland
| 1567, 19 June |
Mary imprisoned
Mary, Queen of Scots, imprisoned in Lochleven Castle in Scotland.
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General
| 1572, 18 July |
Wiliam of Orange
Wiliam of Orange (William III) recognized as viceroy of
Holland/Friesland/Utrecht
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Scotland
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General
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England
| 1588, 19 July |
Spanish Armada in English Channel
Philip II, king of
the most powerful nation in Europe and much of the rest of the world,
Spain, sent an ``invincible armada'' of 125 ships
against his sea-going rival Elizabeth I
and her heretical nation of England, intending to convert them to the
true Catholic religion.
James VI of Scotland allied with Elizabeth in defense.
The Duke of Parma was to supply soldiers from the Spanish Netherlands,
who were to board the Armada at Calais for transport to Dover to march
on London.
Sir Francis Drake harrassed the Spaniards at sea.
Parma did not appear at Calais.
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Scotland
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General
| 1589, 2 Aug |
Henry III d.
King of France dies at Paris, France.
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| 1598, Apr 13 |
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV of France (and Navarre and before he became King a
Protestant himself) approved the Edict of Nantes, tolerating Protestants.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
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England
| 1588, 29 July |
Battle of Gravelines
Admiral Howard and English ships in 8 hours
sink or cripple numerous ships of the Spanish Armada.
Duke of Medina Sedonia, turns the Armada north to return to Spain around
Scotland and Ireland.
Spanish ships were lured onto rocks in Caithness by beacons.
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Scotland
| 1588, 19 Jul |
Spanish Armada
sighted off the Lizard;
a surviving ship sinks at Tobermory.
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| 1592, Aug 31 |
Altars of Rosslyn destroyed
George Ramsay reported that 'the altars of Roslene were haille demolishit'.
From that time the
Chapel ceased to be used as a house of prayer
and soon fell into disrepair.
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General
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England
| 1603, Mar 25 |
Union of Crowns
James VI of Scotland becomes also James I of England;
he calls himself King of Great Britain.
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| 1605, 5 Nov |
Guy Fawkes Plot
to blow up parliament fails.
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a
multifaceted Catholic conspiracy, a part of the counter-reformation,
directly known to and
tolerated by the leading Jesuits in England. The plot was designed to
commit terrorism in
England by Guy Fawkes and other Catholics motivated by religious
persecution, financial
reward and political power.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
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General
| 1610, 14 May |
Henry IV d.
King of France dies at Paris, France.
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England
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Scotland
|
General
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England
| 1625, 28 Mar |
Charles I
King of Great Britain.
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Scotland
| 1625, 27 Mar |
James VI & I d.
Theobalds Park, Hertfordshire, Herts, England.
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General
| 1633, 21 June |
Galileo abjures
Galileo Galilei is forced by the Inquisition to "abjure, curse, &
detest" his Copernican heliocentric views.
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England
| 1630 |
Boston
John Winthrop
Source: LR
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General
| 1638, Sep 15 |
Louis Dieu-Donné b.
Future king Louis XIV of France born.
The epithet means God-Given.
|
| 1643, 14 May |
Louis XIII d.
King of France dies at Germain-en-Laye, France.
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England
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Scotland
| 1638 |
Baptist
Roger Williams founded the Baptist Church of Christ in Providence,
Rhode Island, which was the first Baptist congregation in what became
the present-day United States.
The first Baptist church in Scotland was
Keiss Baptist Church.
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| 1640, 28 Aug |
Newburn
Covenanters defeat English
Source: ToW
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England
| 1643, June 30 |
Adwalton Moor
Yorks Royalists Battle which secured the
North for Charles leaving Hull as the only Parliamentary strongpoint.
Fairfax, outnumbered 2:1 by Newcastle withdrew.
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| 1643, July 5 |
Lansdown Hill
Avon Major Royalist assault on the Parliamentary position in the
West Country. Balanced forces although Parliament used more cavalry.
Victory left the Royalists too weak to take Bath, their major objective.
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| 1643, July 13 |
Roundway Down
Wilts Royalists were demoralised despite their victory eight
days earlier because of an injury to Hopton, their leader Reinforcements
were sent from Oxford as the Parliamentarians laid siege to Devizes
where 3,000 of the Royalist force were encamped. In one of the most
dramatic battles of the Civil War Royalist Cavalry, tired by a long
march attacked Parliamentary horse and foot outnumbering them by 3:1 The
loss of the Roundhead Cavalry in the "bloody ditch" marked the end of
Parliamentary strength in the West and was the greatest Royalist victory
of the civil war.
|
| 1644, June 29 |
Cropredy Bridge
Oxon Royalists Battle that settled the fate of
Waller's Parliamentary command Within weeks of this encounter his army
disintegrated into mutiny and chaos. The King withdrew to Evesham with
light casualties.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
|
England
| 1644, July 2 |
Marston Moor
One of the decisive battles
in English history. The long dominance of the King was broken as his
Northern Army under Newcastle was destroyed and York was taken.
Parliament was strengthened by an alliance with the Scots which
explained their preponderance of numbers. Parliament attacked decisively
at the end of the day just as the Royalists had decided there was to be
no action that afternoon. Cromwell was wounded . . . and nearly 6,000
died in all.
|
| 1649, 30 Jan |
Charles I executed
Scots and English King Charles I was beheaded in London by order of the
English Parliament. The king claimed to
rule by divine right and Parliament claimed the right to
govern independent of the crown.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1647, Jan 23 |
Charles I sold
Scottish Presbyterians sell captured king back to English Parliament
|
| 1649, 31 Jan |
Charles II
King of Great Britain (in name; not in fact until 1660).
|
| 1650, 02 Sep |
Dunbar
Cromwell defeats Charles I & Scots.
Sir William St Clair killed.
Source: ToW
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1655, 26 Sep |
Fort Casimir captured
Peter Stuyvesant recaptured Dutch Ft Casimir from Swedish in Delaware.
The grand French Renaissance-style chateau on the southeast corner of
Fifth Avenue and 79th Street New York City was. built for a businessman
and art collector named Isaac D. Fletcher in 1899, and later home to oil
millionaire and scandal-ridden Harry F. Sinclair who sold it Augustus
Van Horn Stuyvesant descendant of Peter Stuyvesant.
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
Scotland
|
|
|
England
| 1660, May 29 |
Restoration
of Charles II, the Scottish Parliament, and bishops.
|
| 1660, 7 June |
George I b.
Future King of Great Britain (May 28 Julian calendar).
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1675, Aug 10 |
Greenwich Observatory
Established by King Charles II, and its foundation stone laid.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1675, Aug 10 |
Greenwich Observatory
Established by King Charles II, and its foundation stone laid.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
|
General
| 1685, Oct 18 |
Edict of Nantes Revoked
Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes,
causing half a million Huguenots to emigrate to England, Prussia, Holland,
and America.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
|
|
|
England
| 1685, 7 Feb |
James VII
(II of Engl.), a Catholic.
|
| 1689, 14 Feb |
William & Mary
Protestant monarchs
William III (of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland)
and Mary II (Stuart, daughter of James II) King & Queen of Great Britain.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1688, Dec 11 |
Sack of Rosslyn Chapel
Shortly after the protestant William of Orange had landed in England and
displaced the Catholic James II,
a mob from Edinburgh and some of the villagers from Roslin entered
and damaged the
Chapel.
Their object was to destroy the furniture and vestments,
which were now regarded as Popish and idolatrous.
|
| 1689, July 26 |
B. of Killiecrankie
Viscount Dundee (John Graham of Claverhouse) affectionately known as
"Bonnie Dundee" took 2,500 Highlanders over Drumochter Pass.
|
|
|
General
| 1693, 8 Aug |
Champagne
Dom Perignon invented champagne.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1692, 13 Feb |
Glencoe
MacDonalds massacred at Glencoe.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1698, Oct 19 |
Alexander Sinkler sails
Alexander Sinkler, my 7th great-grandfather, after leaving his home in
Glasgow, sailed from Liverpool aboard the ship "Ye Loyalty",
commanded by Captain Henry Browne, to the Virginia colony on an indenture
for four years to John Scott, said to be a cousin. Quickly he became a
wealthy tobacco farmer. Alexander was the ancestor of several list members.
—Stanley St. Clair
Source: Liverpool List of Emigrants to America, 1697 to 1706 by John Elton, 28 January 1901; VIrginia tobacco grower lists, various years; census records; well known Sinclair researcher and Alexander descendant, Jean Grigsby.
|
|
|
|
|
England
| 1701, 9 Oct |
Yale
Collegiate School of Connecticut, chartered in New Haven aka Yale.
|
| 1702, 19 Mar |
William III d.
Kensington Palace, England.
King of Great Britain dies.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1701 |
James III and VIII
Louis XIV recognizes James III as King of Scotland, Ireland, & England.
|
|
|
General
| 1715, 1 Sep |
Louis XIV d.
King of France and Canada dies at Versailles, France, of gangrene.
His 72-year reign is the longest in European history.
The regency, confided to his mother, Anne of Austria, was marked by a period
of rebellion known as the Fronde (1648-1653), led first by the nobility and
later by the urban commoners. In 1660, Louis XIV married Maria Theresa,
Infanta of Spain. , on the death of his godfather and prime minister,
Cardinal Mazarin, the 23-year-old monarch announced that he himself would
govern. He convening a council on a daily basis, from which he excluded
grand nobles, surrounding himself instead with ministers. The first twenty
years of the king's personal reign were the most brilliant. With his
minister Colbert, he carried out the administrative and financial
reorganization of the kingdom, as well as the development of trade and
manufacturing. With the Marquis de Louvois, he reformed the army and
achieved military victories. Louis encouraged an extraordinary blossoming
of culture: theatre (Molière and Racine), music (Lully), architecture,
painting, sculpture, and all the sciences (founding of the royal academies).
These accomplishments are depicted on the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors.
Marie Mancini, Louise de la Vallière, Madame de Montespan and others
found their way to the king's bed. He organized extraordinary festivities
To please his harlots. Royal love affairs yielded
many offspring, whom Louis XIV either legitimized or betrothed to other
members of the royal family.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
England
| 1714, 2 Aug |
George I
Elector of Hanover becomes King of Britain.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1708 |
Old Pretender
James VIII (III) (the Old Pretender) turned back by storms.
Source: Mackie
|
| 1715 Sep 6 |
First Jacobite rising
Earl of Mar raises standard of James III, Braes of Mar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
|
|
|
General
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1715.09- 1716.02 |
The '15
Scotland rises for the Old Pretender.
|
|
|
General
| 1733, July 30 |
Freemasons in U.S.
Society of Freemasons opens 1st American lodge Boston Mass.
|
|
|
England
| 1738 |
The Great Awakening
Methodist evangelist George Whitefield travelled from Georgia
to New England, starting the Great Awakening in his wake.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1745- 1746.0416 |
The Forty-Five
Scotland rises for Bonnie Prince Charlie (The Young Pretender).
|
| 1745, 22 June |
Charlie sails
Bonnie Prince Charles set sails for Scotland.
|
| 1745, 20 Aug |
Charlie at Blair
In the 1745 Jacobite revolt, Bonnie Prince Charlie reached Blair Castle
today and remained overnight, on his way south after landing at Glenfinnan.
The Goverment army occupied the castle in 1746 as the Jacobite revolt came
to its forgone conclusion. The Jacobites under Lord George Murray, lay siege
to Blair in what was the last castle siege in Britain.
Queen Victoria visited Blair in 1844. She presented the 200 Athollmen who
formed the royal bodyguard with regimental colours. They are now the only
private army in Europe.
Source: <labehotiere@wanadoo.fr>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1746, 17 Jan |
Falkirk II
Prince Charles Edward Stuart defeated by English.
|
|
|
General
| 1752, 1 Nov |
All Saints' Day
the Feast of All Saints is a day to remember the glories of Heaven.
|
|
|
England
| 1751, 3 June |
blunt lightning rods
The King was right. George III decreed that all royal residences have
blunt tips on their lighting rods. American inventor and patriot
Benjamin Franklin advocate of independence invented the lightning rod
with a pointed tip in 1749. The King was piqued because of the Americans
espousal of independence.
Charles Moore, retired atmospheric physicist of the New Mexico Institute
of Mining and Technology for seven years tested lighting rods and found
that a 19mm blunt end rod was most effective.
|
| 1752, 5 Nov |
Guy Fawkes Day
Preparations for Guy Fawkes Day and Bonfire Night celebrations include
making the effigies,
or "guys" that will be burned on the bonfire. In some parts of Great
Britain, children keep up
an old tradition by walking in the streets, carrying the "guy" and beg
passers by for "a penny for the guy."
Bonfire Night is celebrated all over the United Kingdom the effigies
are placed on top of the
bonfire, which is then set alight; and fireworks displays fill the sky.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
| 1753, 8 Aug |
Mason George Washington
George Washington aged 21 became a master mason. Masons in
the 18th century espoused liberal democratic principles that included
religious tolerance, loyalty to local government, and the importance of
charity and political compromise.
``Flattering as it may be to the human mind, and truly honorable as it is
to receive from our fellow citizens testimonies of approbation for
exertions to promote the public welfare, it is not less pleasing to know
that the milder virtues of the heart are highly respected by a Society
whose liberal principles must be founded in the immutable laws of truth
and justice. To enlarge the sphere of social happiness is worthy of the
benevolent design of a Masonic institution; and it is most fervently to
be wished that the conduct of every member of the Fraternity, as well as
those publications that discover the principles which actuate them, may
tend to convince mankind that the great object of Masonry is to promote
the happiness of the human race.''
—George Washington
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1747, 1 Aug |
Act of Proscription
takes effect,
banning in Scotland the wearing of tartan,
the teaching of Gaelic, the gatherings of Highlanders,
and the playing of bagpipes.
|
| 1751, Jan 21 |
Marquis Saint Clair d.
André-Claude-Aimable Vidard Marquis Saint Clair depuis 1715,
Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis.
Source: <labehotiere@wanadoo.fr>
|
|
|
General
| 1755, 17 Nov |
Louis XVIII b.
at Versailles.
Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre.
Given name: Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France; Comte de Provence
Reign: 2 May 1814 - 20 Mar 1815
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1756, 6 Dec |
Clive occupies Fulta
British troops under Robert Clive occupied Fulta, India.
There are many Sinclair connection with the Raj here are two;
-
Madras
1 Mar 1640 Madras became an English possession 1640 -1652 subordinate to
Bantam (in the East Indies) 1652 -1655 Presidency of Madras 1684
Presidency of Madras 10 Sep 1746 - Aug 1749 French occupation 20 Oct 1774
part of British India 15 Aug 1947 part of independent India
The Governor from 30 Oct 1912 - 29 Mar 1919 was John Sinclair, Baron
Pentland (b. 1860 - d. 1925) he was Scottish Secretary in 1905 the post was
upgrader in 1926 to Secretary of State for Scotland. In 1931 that post was
held by Sir Archibald Sinclair
A collection of John Sinclair's, the Baron Pentland correspondence is in
National Archives of Scotland under reference : RH4/97 and also Cambridge
University: Churchill Archives Centre under reference : SAUN NRA 18610
Saunders
-
Assam
24 Feb 1826 ceded to U.K. by Burma 1826 -1832 part of Bengal 1832
princely state restored 1838 - 1874 part of Bengal 16 Oct 1905 part of
province of East Bengal and Assam 1912 Assam became a separate province
15 Aug 1947 part of independent India
The Governor from 3 Apr 1921 - 10 Oct 1922 was Sir William Sinclair Marris
Sinclair
—
<labehotiere@wanadoo.fr>
|
| 1757, Aug 6 |
Thomas Telford b.
Scottish engineer of roads, canals
and bridges, born at Westerkirk, near Langholm, the son of a shepherd.
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1762, Aug 12 |
George IV b.
King George IV born at St.James's Palace in London's
Pall Mall, the eldest son of George III.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1765, 24 Aug |
Stamp Act revolt
The American colonists rebelled against the Stamp Act.
The colonists argued that without either local consent or direct
representation in Parliament, the act was "taxation without representation."
They also objected to the law's provision that those who disobeyed could be
tried in admiralty courts without a jury of their peers. Lord Coke argued in
the 1600's in the favour of the Americans in finding any Act null and void.
that involved taxation without representation. Coke's influence on Americans
showed clearly when the Massachusetts Assembly reacted by declaring the
Stamp Act "against the Magna Carta and the natural rights of Englishmen."
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
|
General
| 1770, 6 May |
Botany Bay
Capt. Cook discovers Botany Bay.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
|
England
| 1775, 13 Nov |
American Revolutionary forces captured Montreal
In an attempt to prevent the British from using Canada as a base for
attack, two American armies were dispatched, one under General Richard
Montgomery who would advance on Montreal, the other under Benedict Arnold,
with the purpose of capturing Quebec City. The attack on Montreal was
successful, however the invasion of Quebec failed. Montgomery was mortally
wounded during this campaign. Arnold took command of the majority of
American troops remaining in Canada. He would remain in Canada until the
Spring of 1776, and then begin his precarious retreat to New York, by
way of Lake Champlain, relentlessly pursued by the British under General
Sir Guy Carleton. General Arnold managed to assemble an improvised Naval
force, which would engage the British on Lake Champlain. The Americans
were badly defeated, but their actions delayed the British almost until
the onset of winter, preventing their joining main British force on
Staten Island.
|
| 1776, 2 Aug 1776 |
Declaration Signed
When the American Declaration of Independence, adopted on
July 4, was first signed by members of the Continental Congress. Well,
most of them. Five more apparently signed in the ensuing months, and
one member did not sign until 1777. History can be confusing and
inaccurate when blended with myth.
|
| 1776, 19 Dec |
American Crisis
Thomas Paine publishes his 1st `American Crisis' essay
|
| 1777, 31 July |
Major General Lafayette
The Marquis de Lafayette, a 19-year-old French nobleman, was
made a major-general in the American Continental Army.
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1777, 5 Oct |
Philadelphia occupied
Philadelphia was occupied by British General Howe. The area surrounding
the city, and the Delaware River flowing past Philadelphia, was
controlled by the Rebel Continental Army commanded by General George
Washington. Howe needed to find a way to bring food and supplies into
the city. Howe attacked rebel held forts along the Delaware. Fort
Mifflin, the focal point of the rebel defence, came under an intense
bombardment. After three weeks of fighting the forts fell but only
after a surprising American defence.
|
| 1779, Sep 28 |
Samuel Huntington
is elected President of the United States in
Congress until July 6, 1781.
During his term the Articles of Confederation were approved.
He was the
first American president under a formal union. He was followed by:
Thomas McKean, John Hanson,
Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mifflin, Richard
Henry Lee, John Hancock, Arthur St. Clair, Cyrus Griffin. Samuel
Huntington was proceeded by; Peyton Randolph, Henry Middleton, John
Hancock, Henry Laurens and John Jay in the first Continental Congress.
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1781, 5 Nov |
John Hanson
is elected President of the United States in
Congress, holding the office for one year as presiding officer of
Congress.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1789, 5 May |
Estates General
The French King convened the Estates General (Parliament) to
hear their grievances: The Third Estate, representing the citizens of
the town, formed the Constituent National Assembly.
|
|
|
England
| 1788, June 21 |
U.S. Constitution
oldest written Constitution goes into effect as New Hampshire
state is 9th to ratify. The American Constitution - a result of mutiny -
officially became effective.
The Constitution works so well - that many
other democracies since have used it as a model for their own. "One's
mind, once streched by a new idea, never regains its original
dimensions." OW Holmes
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1788, 22 Jan |
Lord Byron b.
George Gordon Byron (later the 6th Baron Byron),
born at 16 Holles St., Cavendish Square, London.
|
|
|
General
| 1789, 20 June |
Oath of the Jeu de Paume
The deputies of the French Third Estate took the oath of the Jeu de Paume "to
not separate until the Constitution had been established."
Also known as the Tennis Court Oath,
this marked the transformation of this body into the
National Constituent Assembly.
|
| 1789, 14 July |
Bastille Day
Symbolic end of the French Monarchy and the beginning of the First Republic.
The people
of Paris rose up and marched on the Bastille, a state prison that
characterized the absolutism and arbitrariness of the Kings Regime.
The storming of the Bastille immediately became a
symbol of historical dimension; it was verification that power no longer
resided in the King as God's representative, but in the people.
|
| 1789, 16 July |
French Revolution Succeeds
End of the storming of the Bastille, which
symbolizes, for all citizens of France, liberty, democracy.
|
| 1791 |
First French Constitution
Fifteen other constitutions were to follow,
leading to the 1958 Constitution (fifth Republic) which is in effect today.
|
|
|
England
| 1791, 15 Dec |
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution
called the 'Bill of Rights' ratified when Virginia gave its approval.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1792 July |
black-faced sheep returned
(late July to early August)
Angry tenant farmers drive all the Cheviots in Ross-shire to Boath.
The 42nd Regiment intervenes, and the sheep are returned to Ross-shire.
|
|
|
General
| 1792, July 30 |
la Marseillaise
500 Marseillaisian men sing France's national anthem for 1st time
|
| 1793, 21 Jan |
Louis XVI ex.
King of France executed at Paris in the French Revolution.
|
|
|
England
| 1792, 31 July |
U.S. Mint cornerstone
The cornerstone for the first federal government building was
laid in Philadelphia. It was the cornerstone for the U.S. Mint.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1793, 19 Nov |
British reformers meet
A convention of Scottish and British reformers meets in
Edinburgh: one of the five delegates from England, Charles Sinclair, later
moved that the meeting be called "The British Convention of the Delegates of
the People, associated to obtain Universal Suffrage and Annual Parliaments."
Among the English reformers were Maurice Margarot and Joseph Gerrald of the
London Corresponding Society; William Skirving headed up delegates from the
Scottish societies.
In September Robert Burns, had written "Scots wha hae?" a poem responding to
outrageous severity of the sentence received by Scotch radicals Muir and
Palmer.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
General
| 1793, 9 Dec |
American newspaper
Noah Webster establishes NY's 1st daily newspaper American Minerva
|
| 1795, 16 Jun |
Louis XVIII king in exile
proclaimed king in exile; not crowned.
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1799, 18 May |
Napoleon First Consul
The French Revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte entered Paris and was
crowned First Consul at the age of thirty.
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
| 1804 |
Napoleon Emperor
The Corsican took the title of Emperor Napoleon I in 1804.
|
| 1805, 2 Dec |
Austerlitz
Napoleon defeats Russians & Austrians
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1807, Sep 17 |
Dorothy Wordsworth visits Rosslyn Chapel
She remarked: 'Went to view the inside of the
Chapel of Roslyn,
which is kept locked up, and so preserved from the injuries it might otherwise
receive from idle boys, but as nothing is done to keep it together, it must,
in the end, fall. The architecture within is exquisitely beautiful.'
|
| 1809, 11 Oct |
Meriwether Lewis d.
Meriwether Lewis died along the Natchez Trace, Tennessee,
under mysterious circumstances in the early hours of the morning after
stopping for the night at Grinder's Tavern along the Natchez Trace.
He had
spent the night before at Sinclair's Station now the site of The Sinclair,
Skinner, Yeiser House.
Three years earlier, Lewis and William Clark had
completed their brilliant exploration of the newly acquired Louisiana
Territory and the Pacific Northwest. President Thomas
Jefferson appointed him as governor of the Louisiana Territory, but Lewis
soon discovered that the politics and power struggles of the territory were
earning him more enemies than friends. Bureaucrats in Washington, D.C.,
were questioning the legitimacy of some of the purchases Lewis had made for
the expedition in 1803, the threat of bankruptcy hung before him if he were
forced to cover these costs.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
Source: The Strange Death of Governor Meriwether Lewis, Vardes Fisher Swallow Pr; ISBN: 0804006164, 1993
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1811 |
Regency
Future George IV acts as Prince Regent of Britain.
|
| 1811, 7 Nov |
Battle of Tippecanoe
by the river Wabash vaults William Henry Harrison to national attention.
|
|
|
|
|
|
England
| 1812, Jun 18 |
War of 1812
The first skirmish of the War of 1812.
|
|
|
|
General
| 1813, 5 Oct |
B. Thames
Battle of the Thames in Canada; Americans defeat British.
|
| 1814, 6 Apr |
Louis XVIII offered throne
Constitution of 6 Apr 1814 (Articles 2, 29) offered the throne
to "Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France" on condition of accepting the Constitution
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
| 1814, 2 May |
Declaration of Saint-Ouen
issued by Louis XVIII as "King of France and Navarre";
Constitution of 6 Apr 1814 rejected
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
|
|
England
| 1813, June 1 |
Don't give up the ship
The US frigate "Chesapeake," commander Captain James Lawrence said,
"Don't give up the ship"
during a losing battle frigate HMS Shannon when the Chesapeake was
caputered.
|
|
|
|
General
| 1814, 3 May |
French Restoration
Louis XVIII entered Paris
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
| 1814, 24 Dec |
Treaty of Ghent
signed ending War of 1812.
(This news did not arrive until after Battle of New Orleans.)
|
| 1815, 16 Mar |
Louis XVIII swears
an oath on the Constitutional Charter of 4 Jun 1814
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
| 1815, 20 Mar |
Louis XVIII flees
abandoned Paris prior to arrival of Napoleon I
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
|
|
England
| 1814, 18 July |
B. Prairie du Chien
British defeat Americans and capture Prairie du Chien (Wisconsin)
|
|
|
|
General
| 1821, 5 May |
Napoleon d.
Napoleon Bonaparte dies of slightly obscure causes,
commonly accepted to be arsenic poison, although some say a stomach ulcer,
in exile on the island of
St. Helena, a thousand miles from Africa.
His remains are transfered to Paris and entombed
at Hotel des Invalides Paris in the Eglise du Dome (Church of the Dome).
One of history's best military strategists and artillery men irritated a
lot of folks just because he wanted to rule the world.
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
| 1823, 2 Dec |
Monroe doctrine
US President Monroe declares in his seventh annual message to the US
Congress, "the American continents, by the free and independent
condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to
be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."
|
| 1824 |
Charles X
King of France.
Louis XVIII's constitutional monarchy was overthrown under Charles X.
|
| 1824, 16 Sep |
Louis XVIII d.
King of France dies at Paris.
Source: The Public and Cultural Services Department of the Chateau of Versailles.
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
|
England
| 1825, 9 Feb |
John Quincy Adams
U.S. House of Representatives votes to elect John Quincy Adams,
who won fewer votes than Andrew Jackson in the popular election,
as president.
Neither Adams nor Jackson enjoyed a majority of electoral votes in the
election of 1824.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1825, 6 Aug |
National Day of Bolivia.
Bolivia was proclaimed an independent Republic, free
from nearly 300 years of Spanish rule, with Antonio
Sucre its first President.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1831, 27 Dec |
HMS Beagle
Darwin begins his voyage onboard HMS Beagle
|
| 1831, 27 Dec |
HMS Beagle
Darwin begins his voyage onboard HMS Beagle
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1841, May 3, 1841 |
New Zealand colony
Formerly part of the Australian colony of New South Wales, New Zealand became
an official British colony.
|
|
|
England
| 1839, 23 Aug |
Hong Kong British
Britain captured Hong Kong from China. The current leading
wine expert in Hong Kong is Kevin Sinclair, who regularly writes for the
South China Post.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
| 1839, 23 Aug |
Hong Kong British
Britain captured Hong Kong from China. The current leading
wine expert in Hong Kong is Kevin Sinclair, who regularly writes for the
South China Post.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
|
General
| 1842, 19 Dec |
Hawaii ind.
US recognized independence of Hawaii
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
|
England
| 1846, Aug 10 |
Smithsonian Institution
established at Washington, DC,
by the bequest of British scientist James Smithson.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1848, Feb 02 |
Treaty
Guadalupe Hidalgo Calif., Ariz., N.M. to U.S.
Source: ToW
|
| 1848, 20 Dec |
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
President of France.
Nephew of Napoleon I was elected the first president of the Second Republic.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1852 |
Napoleon III, Emperor
Proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III by national
plebiscite. It was Louis Napoleon who commissioned Baron Haussman to
redesign Paris the
boulevards were widened so the government cannon could control the Paris mobs.
The French
industrial revolution was belatedly started under Louis Napoleon.
|
| 1852, 2 Dec |
Emperor Napoleon III
French monarchy restored; Louis Napoleon becomes emperor
One year before to the day, followers of President Louis Bonaparte
(Napoleon's nephew)
broke up the Legislative Assembly and established a dictatorship. A year
later, Louis
Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III.
Marx wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon between December
1851 and
February 1852. The "eighteenth Brumaire" refers to November 9, 1799 in
the French
Revolutionary Calendar..
|
| 1853, 30 Dec |
Gadsden Purchase
45,000 sq miles by Gila River from Mexico for $10 million.
Area is now southern Arizona & New Mexico.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1859, 2 Dec |
John Brown hung
"Now if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the
furtherance of the ends of
justice and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and
with the blood of
millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked,
cruel and unjust
enactments, I say, let it be done." Browns speech to the court
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1861 |
Rosslyn Chapel restored
James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Rosslyn, agrees that Sunday services should
begin again. He instructed the
Edinburgh architect David Bryce to carry out restoration work.
The carvings in the
Lady Chapel were attended to,
stones were relaid in the crypt and an altar established there.
|
| 1861, Feb 9 |
CSA Pres, VP
Jefferson Davis elected President and Alexander Stephens elected Vice President
of the Confederate States of America;
Stephens had a Sinclair grandmother.
|
|
|
General
| 1862, Apr 07 |
B. Shiloh
Beauregard vs. Grant;
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston killed
Source: ToW ToW
|
|
|
England
| 1861, Dec 17 |
Fr.
Brit., Span. occupy Veracruz
Source: ToW
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1862, 2 June |
R.E. Lee takes command
Gen. Robert E. Lee takes command of the armies of northern Virginia and
North Carolina.
|
| 1862, July 30 |
US incivility
the US government refused to clothe and equip black soldiers in the Civil War.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1863, May 06 |
B. Chancellorsville
Army of Northern Virginia led by Gen. Robert E. Lee routed Union troops
under Gen. Joseph Hooker.
Source: ToW
|
| 1863, July 30 |
Lincoln eye-for-eye
Pres Lincoln issues "eye-for-eye" order to shoot a rebel prisoner
for every black prisoner shot
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
| 1864, 20 Dec |
Sherman marches
Union Gen. Sherman continued his `march to the sea.'
Savannah Ga
|
| 1865, Apr 09 |
Appomattox
Confederate Gen. R.E. Lee surrenders to Union Gen. U.S. Grant
at Appomattox Courthouse. End of the war.
Source: ToW
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
| 1865, 24 Dec |
Ku Klux Klan
Several Confederate veterans form the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski Tn.
|
|
|
|
|
General
| 1868, 25 Dec |
Johnson pardons rebels
Despite bitter opposition American President Andrew Johnson
grants unconditional pardon to all persons involved in the Southern rebellion.
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
|
England
| 1870, 8 Aug |
America's Cup
The first America's Cup race, open to challenge by any
nation's yachts, took place - `Magic' of the United States
beating the British challenge of `Cambria'.
(Of course this was long before the advent of the `winged
keel' ..... - Ian )
Source: Ian Newman
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1872, 18 July |
secret ballot
Britain introduced the concept of voting by secret ballot;
something new. Like all bills involving the increase of franchise and
right of the common man in originated in the House of Lords. William
Ewart Gladstone was Prime Minister.
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1874, Aug 10 |
Herbert Hoover b.
American Republican statesman and 31st
President, born at West Branch in Iowa, the son of a
blacksmith. (I think he also spent some considerable time
in Australia, including the Western Australian goldfields, but
that would need to be checked - Ian)
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1875, 31 July |
Andrew Johnson d.
the 17th president of the United States, Andrew Johnson, died
in Carter Station, Tennessee, at age 66.
|
|
|
|
General
| 1878, July 30 |
anti-semitism
German anti-semitism begins during the Reichstag election
|
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1880, 14 Aug |
Cologne Cathedral finished
The largest Gothic church in northern Europe, the Cologne
Cathedral, was completed after 632 years. Rebuilding had begun Aug.
14, 1248. A fire wrecked the old church . First church on the site 873.
|
|
|
|
|
General
| 1881, 14 July |
Billy the Kid d.
William H. Bonney Junior, alias "Billy the Kid," shot
and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett at Fort Sumner, New Mexico.
There's many a man with face fine and fair
Who starts out in life with a chance to be square
But just like poor Billy, he wanders astray
And loses his life in the very same way.
|
|
|
England
| 1881, Aug 12 |
Cecil B De Mille b.
American film producer, noted for his
Biblical spectacles, born at Ashfield in Massachusetts.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1881, 6 Aug |
penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish bacteriologist and
discoverer of penicillin (greatly helped by Aussie
Howard Florey[-Ian's comment!]), born at Loudon,
in Ayrshire.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1885, Aug 10: |
electric rail
The first electric street-railway in the United States was
opened in Baltimore by Leo Daft.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1890, 6 Aug |
electric chair
The electric chair was used for the first time in
America, at Auburn Prison, New York - the victim
was murderer William Kemmler.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1890, Aug 11 |
Cardinal Newman d.
Cardinal Newman (no relation that I'm aware of yet!),
English churchman and leader of the Oxford Movement
which intended to restore high-Church ideals, died at
Edgbaston in Warwickshire aged 89.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1890, Aug 11 |
Cardinal Newman d.
Cardinal Newman (no relation that I'm aware of yet!),
English churchman and leader of the Oxford Movement
which intended to restore high-Church ideals, died at
Edgbaston in Warwickshire aged 89.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1885, Feb 7 |
Sinclair Lewis b.
Novelist/social critic (Main Street, Nobel Prize 1930).
|
| 1885, 25 Nov |
American Vice President Thomas A Hendricks died
at 66, 8 months after taking
office.
Long-term US Democratic political leader and vice president
under President Grover
Cleveland in 1885. Hendricks was of Scots decent with a Sinclair great
grandmother.
|
|
|
General
| 1890, 29 Dec |
Wounded Knee
Federal troops massacre 300 captive Sioux in South Dakota.
|
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1898 |
Puerto Rico
Guam to U.S., Cuba independent; Marianas to Germany
|
|
|
|
|
General
| 1898, July 30 |
corn flakes
Will Kellogg invents Corn Flakes
|
| 1898, Dec 10 |
Treaty of Paris
Spanish-American War ends.
US acquires Guam from Spain.
Source: ToW
|
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1899, 2 Dec |
Samoa divided
US & Germany agree to divide Samoa between them
|
|
|
England
| 1900, 8 Aug |
Davis Cup
The Davis Cup for tennis, presented by Dwight Filley Davis,
was contested for the first time, at Brookline in Massachusetts
- won by USA on 10th.
Source: Ian Newman
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
|
England
| 1902, Aug 9 |
Edward VII crowned
The coronation of King Edward VII took place - having
been put back some 6 weeks because of the need of
an emergency appendicitis operation.
Source: Ian Newman
|
|
|
|
General
| 1908, July 30 |
world road race
Around the World Automobile Race ends in Paris
|
|
|
|
|
General
| 1908, 5 Oct |
Bulgaria
Bulgaria declares independence from Turkey.
|
|
|
England
| 1910, 7 May |
George V
King of Britain.
George V crowned
1911, 22 June
King of Britain.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1916, 3 July |
Battle of the Somme
First day of the battle of the Somme after a week of heavy
bombardment of German positions.
|
| 1916, July 30 |
German sabotage
German saboteurs blow up a munitions plant on Black Tom Island, NJ
|
|
|
England
| 1916, 7 Nov |
First woman elected in any major legislature in the world.
Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana elected.
In 1916 she ran successfully for a seat in the US Congress on a
progressive Republican platform that called for national women's
suffrage, child protection
laws, and prohibition. At the age of 88 in 1968, she led more than
5,000 women who called
themselves the Jeannette Rankin Brigade to Capitol Hill in Washington
DC to demonstrate
their opposition to US involvement in Vietnam. Rankin was the only
member of Congress to
vote against the American entry into World War I or World war II (she
served two two year
terms, 1917-1919 and 1941-1943) In 1917 Rankin declared, "I want to
stand by my country,
but I cannot vote for war. I vote no." In 1941, responding to the roll
call which followed a 40
minute debate on the declaration of war against Japan, Rankin said,
"As a woman, I can't go to war and I refuse to send anyone else."
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
|
General
| 1917, 2 Nov |
Lansing-Ishii Agreement
attempt to reconcile conflicting US and Japanese policies
in China during World War I by a public exchange of notes between the
US secretary of state, Robert Lansing, and Viscount Ishii Kikujiro of Japan.
Japan promised respect for
China's independence and territorial integrity and for the
US-sponsored Open door Policy.
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
|
| 1917, 6 Dec |
Finland
declares independence from Russia (National Day)
|
| 1917, 11 Dec |
Lithuania
German-occupied Lithuania proclaims independence from Russia
|
| 1917, Dec 18 |
Prohibition passed
AMENDMENT XVIII
Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919.
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,
sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof
from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
thereof for beverage purposes
is hereby prohibited.
|
|
|
England
| 1917, 2 Nov |
Balfour Declaration
Lord Balfour informs Lord Rothschild that
``Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of
His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish
Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the
Cabinet. " His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a National home for the Jewish people, and will use their best
endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly
understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the
rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." I should
be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the
Zionist Federation.
``Yours sincerely,
``Arthur James Balfour''
Often seen as the initiation of the process that led to the
establishment of the State of Israel. Issuing of the statement is
believed to have been motivated just as much by British interests, as
by the sympathy for the Zionist cause. At the eve of the World War I
Britain needed the support from the World Jewry, which had been
neutral, and which represented a large part of the population of
Germany and Austria-Hungary. The declaration was drafted with the help
of US President, Woodrow Wilson, who was a strong supporter of
Zionism.
—labehotierre@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1918, 15 Oct |
Sinclair DD-275
Sinclair (DD-275) Keel laid down on 15 October by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding
Corp., Squantum, Mass. launched on 2 June 1919; sponsored by Mrs. George
Barnett, granddaughter of Capt. Sinclair, and commissioned on 8 October
1919, Lt. Comdr. C. S. Roberts in command.
On 22 November 1930, Sinclair was renamed Light Target #3 (IX-37). Due to
faulty boilers, however, her conversion to a target ship was canceled. She
recovered her original name on 24 April 1931 and her destroyer designation
on 11 August 1931. Sinclair was struck from the Navy list on 5 June 1935 and
sold on 30 August 1935 to Learner and Rosenthal, Oakland, Calif., for
scrapping.
Source: http://www.multied.com/Navy/destroyer/dest2/Sinclairdd275.html
|
|
|
General
| 1918, Nov 8 |
Ultimatum for Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate
The Kaiser was given an ultimatum to abdicate on Nov. 8, 1918.
He replied he might resign as Emperor but remain as King of
Prussia, who appointed enough seats in the upper house to block any amendment
to the Constitution. There was an uprising in Berlin. On his own a leader
in Berlin announced the Kaiser had abdicated.
Source: Marshall Dill, Jr., Germany, A Modern History, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Harbor, 1970, pp. 248-9.
|
| 1918, Nov 10 |
Kaiser Wilhem II flees
On the night before the end of
the war the Kaiser fled to Holland and had the protection of the Dutch queen.
"It was not until almost three weeks later that he drew up an act of
abdication."
Source: Marshall Dill, Jr., Germany, A Modern History, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Harbor, 1970, pp. 248-9.
|
| 1918, 11 Nov |
WW I ends
On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month,
the guns fell silent; end of World War I.
Remembrance Day (Commonwealth);
formerly Armistice Day, now Veterans Day (U.S.).
|
|
|
|
|
General
| 1919, Jan 16 |
Prohibition ratified
AMENDMENT XVIII
Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919.
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,
sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof
from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
thereof for beverage purposes
is hereby prohibited.
|
| 1919, 28 June |
Treaty of Versailles
Signing of the Treaty of Versailles at Versailles. Official end of WWI.
|
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1919, June 21 |
scuttled in Scap
72 warships of the German Fleet were scuttled in Scapa Flow
in the Orkney Islands.
Source: "Chambers Dates" (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6, Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
|
|
|
General
| 1920, Jan 16 |
Prohibition
AMENDMENT XVIII
Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919.
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,
sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof
from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
thereof for beverage purposes
is hereby prohibited.
|
|
|
England
| 1921, 10 June |
Prince Philip b.
Duke of Edinburgh born in 1921 on the island of Corfu
and was christened Philippos Schleswig-Holstein Soenderburg-Glucksburg.
See
also.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
|
|
Scotland
| 1923, 25 Oct |
Teapot Dome report
Senate committee publishes 1st report on Teapot Dome scandal
implicating Harry F. Sinclair
|
|
|
General
| 1926, 25 Dec |
Emperor Hirohito
Michinomiya Hirohito, posthumous name Showa, emperor of Japan from
1926 until his death in 1989. He was the longest-reigning monarch in
Japan's history. An unconvicted war criminal.
|
|
|
England
| 1926, 6 Aug |
channel woman
Gertrude Ederle of America became the first woman
to swim the English Channel, crossing from Cap Gris
Nez to Deal in 14.5 hours.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
|
General
| 1928, July 30 |
movies
George Eastman shows 1st color motion pictures
|
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1929, 25 Oct |
Albert Fall convicted
Former Interior Sec Albert Fall convicted of accepting $100,000
bribe from Sinclair Oil Co.
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1932, 19 Dec |
BBC World Service
British Broadcasting Corp. began transmitting overseas
|
| 1932, 19 Dec |
BBC World Service
British Broadcasting Corp. began transmitting overseas
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1932, 20 Nov |
Peguis Chief
Robert Sinclair elected as chief of Canadian Peguis Indians until 1935;
he was a half breed.
Then his son 1953 - 1955 Alex Sinclair,
younger son 1973 - 1981 Jack Sinclair, but not on 20 Nov.
And also half breed Jim Sinclair (Cree/Metis) provincial and national
leader of Metis and non-status Indians, most noted for his work on
constitutional recognition.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
General
| 1933, 5 Dec |
Prohibition repealed
AMENDMENT XXI
Passed by Congress February 20, 1933. Ratified December 5, 1933.
Section 1.
The Eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United
States is hereby repealed.
Section 2.
The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or
Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of
intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
prohibited.
|
|
|
England
| 1936, 11 Dec |
Edward VIII abdicates
King Edward VIII of England abdicates on 10 December and announced it
to the public during a radio address 11/12, saying "I have found it
impossible to carry on the heavy burden of responsibility and to
discharge the duties of King as I would wish to do without the help and
support of the woman I love." 12/12, after Edward had already departed
for Austria to stay with friends, his brother, now King George VI,
named him the duke of Windsor.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1938, Mar 12 |
Anschluss
Germany absorbs Austria
|
|
|
England
| 1940, 14 Nov |
Coventry air raids
During WW II German planes destroyed most of Coventry England
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1938, 8 Oct |
Parthenon Inquiry Report
"3. The Board held a fourth meeting on the 15th of November 1938 at which
all the members were present except Sir Charles Peers who communicated his
views in a letter to Lord Macmillan of 14th November. The Board examined J.
F. Sinclair and A. E. Simenton, two of the labourers who had been engaged in
the cleaning of the sculptures; and A. S. Holcombe, the Foreman Mason, was
recalled and further examined. Sinclair stated that he had used copper tools
in cleaning the Parthenon marbles since June 1937. He also stated that
Daniel, the foreman employed by Lord Duveen, had pointed out to him that one
of the slabs, chosen for Lord Duveen to show in his new gallery, was not
white enough and that Holcombe had previously told him to see if he could
brighten it up. The slab was in consequence recleaned. Daniel commended him
for getting it whiter. The incident is of importance only as showing that
Holcombe and Sinclair and presumably the other workmen were aware of
Daniel's desire that the sculptures should be made as clean and white as
possible for Lord Duveen.
4. The Board learned from Holcombe, Sinclair and Simenton that a sum of two
or three pounds had been given by Daniel to Holcombe to be divided among
himself and the workmen after they had performed some heavy work in moving
some of the sculptures, and that this sum was shared among them. The Board
do not associate this payment with the cleaning operations, except in so far
as it was calculated to promote the readiness of Holcombe and the workmen to
comply with Daniel's wishes."
BOARD OF INQUIRY APPOINTED BY THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM AT A MEETING ON 8TH OCTOBER, 1938
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
Source: Appendix 6 .BRITISH MUSEUM PARTHENON SCULPTURES SECOND REPORT BY THE
|
| 1939, 6 Sep |
Wing Commander Gordon L, Sinclair, OBE, DFC
First German air attack on Great-Britain in WW II.
Pilot, Wing Commander Gordon Leonard Sinclair, OBE, DFC 310
Squadron, Cambridgeshire, flew Hurricanes and was one of the first to fly
the Spitfire. He became an ace during the ensuing Battle of Britain.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
|
|
|
General
| 1941, 7 Dec |
Pearl Harbor
Japanese sneak attack on U.S. base in Honolulu, Hawaii.
|
| 1941, Dec 07 |
Pearl Harbor
attacked ("a day that will live in infamy" F D Roosevelt)
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
| 1942, July 30 |
WAVES
FDR signs bill creating women's Navy auxiliary agency (WAVES)
|
| 1942, July 30 |
Minsk massacre
Nazi SS kills 25,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
|
|
Scotland
| 1944, 6 June |
D-Day
Allied forces invade Normandy in Operation Overlord.
|
| 1944, 18 Sep |
The Junyo Maru
The Japanese cargo ship "Junyo Maru" was travelling from
Java to Sumatra (Indonesia) was in the Indian Ocean, West off Sumatra near
Mukomuko she was torpedoed by the British submarine H.M.S Tradewind. 5065
ton vessel carried 2300 Dutch, British, American and Australian POWs and
4200 Javanese slave labourers.
5620 perished in the waters off southwest Sumatra this was the largest
maritime disaster of World War II.
Among those who died were Sinclair, C H Aus 2/2 Pion Btn AIF Sinclair,
Robert, 1171745 British RAFVR
Also the master of the American tanker ship S.S. Virginia Sinclair , which
had been itself torpedoed by the Japanese on 3/10/43 with a crew of 7.
—labehotiere
<labehotiere@wanadoo.fr>
Source: Robert Barr Smith, World War II magazine, March 2002
|
|
|
General
| 1945, 7 May |
VE Day
German leaders surrender to Eisenhower
in a schoolhouse in Rheims, France, east of Paris, where French
kings were traditionally crowned.
|
| 1945, 8 May |
VE Day (Soviet)
German surrender documents signed a second time in Berlin,
at request of the Soviet Union.
|
| 1945, July 30 |
Indianopolis sinks
Philippines Sea: US cruiser Indianapolis torpedoed/sinks, 880 die
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
| 1945, 6 Aug |
Hiroshima
An atom bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of
Hiroshima from a Boeing B29 bomber 'Enola Gay'.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
|
|
General
| 1945, 9 Aug |
Nagasaki
The second atom bomb of the war was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki.
|
| 1945, 14 Aug |
VJ Day
Allied Victory over Japan; end of hostilities of World War II.
|
|
|
|
|
General
| 1946, 19 Dec |
Indochina War
War broke out in Indochina as Ho Chi Minh attacked French.
|
| 1946, 31 Dec |
end of WW II
US President Harry S. Truman officially proclaims.
|
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1947, 5 Oct |
televised president
1st Presidential address televised from White House, HS Truman.
|
| 1948, 31 July |
NY International
President Truman helped dedicate New York International Airport
(later John F. Kennedy International Airport) at Idlewild Field.
|
|
|
|
General
| 1948, 3 Dec |
Pumpkin Papers came to light
US v. Alger Hiss - 1949-1950
Hiss was accused of perjury involving purported Communist ties. Hiss
indicated to the Un-American Activities Committee of the House of
Representatives that he did not know Whittaker Chambers. Chambers
testified as to his prior association as a soviet sympathizer who
defected and became a law-abiding American citizen supporter. Much of
the evidence had to do with interesting, evidentiary items concerning a
meeting between Hiss and Chambers when Hiss, meeting surreptiously in
Washington DC with Chambers, observed a prothonatary warbler. The case
also involved the so-called Pumpkin Papers and a missing typewriter on
which certain important letters had been typed. Hiss was found guilty
and sentenced to five years imprisonment and to this day, his son and
others proclaim his innocence.
|
| 1948, 23 Dec |
PM Tojo d.
He and 6 other Japanese hung for war crimes by US.
|
|
|
England
| 1949, July 30 |
Amethyst escapes
British warship HMS Amethyst escape down Yangtze River, having
been refused a safe passage by Chinese Communists after 3-month standoff
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1951, Apr 3 |
Gary M. Sinclair b.
Source: "Gary M. Sinclair, Harwich, Ma. USA" <sinclair@gis.net>
|
| 1951, 29 Sep |
Jean Sinclair, b.
Source: "Gary M. Sinclair, Harwich, Ma. USA" <sinclair@gis.net>
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1953, 2 June |
Elizabeth II R crowned
Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, daughter of George VI,
crowned Queen Elizabeth II
at Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1952, Aug 11 |
King Hussein
King Hussein succeeded as King of the Jordan on the
deposition of his father, King Talal, because of mental illness.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
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General
| 1954, 7 May |
Dien Bien Phu
Viet Minh troops defeated the French army in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
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England
| 1953, 31 July |
Sen. Taft d.
Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, known as "Mr. Republican,"
died in New York at age 63.
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|
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|
General
| 1954, 3 Dec |
McCarthy condemned
Joseph McCarthy, Senator and witch hunter condemned by Senate
|
| 1955, 1 Dec |
Rosa Parks arrested
for refusing to move to back of the bus.
"Our mistreatment was just not right, and I was tired of it," Parks
wrote in her book, "Quiet Strength", (Zondervan Publishing House,
Detroit 1994). "I kept thinking about my mother and my grandparents, and
how strong they were. I knew there was a possibility of being
mistreated, but an opportunity was being given to me to do what I had
asked of others." Parks' story is history her arrest and trial led to a
381-day Montgomery Alabama bus boycott, and, finally, a United States
Supreme Court ruling in November 1956 that segregation on transportation
is contra to the American constitution.
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|
General
| 1957, 4 Oct |
Sputnik
USSR launches Sputnik I the 1st artificial earth satellite.
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England
|
Scotland
| 1958, June 1 |
The Horse Soldiers
The novel Cavalryman by Harold Sinclair,
ISBN 9997408837,
published by Harpercollins.
It is a fictional account
loosely based on a raid from La Grange, Tenn. to Baton Rouge, La.
led by Col. Benjamin Grierson in 1863.
Made into a movie in 1959 starring John Wayne and directed by John Ford.
—labehotiere@wanadoo.fr
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|
|
General
| 1958, 4 Oct |
commercial jets
Transatlantic comercial jet passenger service began.
|
| 1958, 11 Dec |
Upper Volta
(now Bourkina Fasso) gains autonomy from France
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General
| 1959, Jan 08 |
Castro
Cuba
Source: ToW
|
| 1959, 4 Oct |
Far Side
USSR Luna 3 sent back 1st photos of Moon's far side.
|
| 1960, 4 Oct |
repeater satellite
Courier 1B launched; 1st active repeater satellite in orbit.
|
| 1960, 7 Dec |
Cote d'Ivoire
France grants Ivory Coast independence (National Day)
|
|
|
England
| 1960, Aug 12 |
Echo I
The first communications satellite was launched -
America's Echo I.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
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|
|
Scotland
| 1960, Aug 11 |
Chad
Chad, a member state of the French Community in
Northern Africa, became an independent Republic.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
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|
|
General
| 1961, 31 Dec |
Marshall Plan expires
after distributing more than $12 billion
As the war-torn nations of Europe faced famine and economic crisis in
the wake of World
War II, the United States proposed to rebuild the continent in the
interest of political stability
and a healthy world economy. On June 5, 1947, in a commencement
address at Harvard
University, Secretary of State George C. Marshall first called for
American assistance in
restoring the economic infrastructure of Europe. Western Europe
responded favourably, and
the Truman administration proposed legislation. The resulting Economic
Cooperation Act of
1948 restored European agricultural and industrial productivity.
Credited with preventing
famine and political chaos, the plan later earned General Marshall a
Nobel Peace Prize. The
plan was an unprecedented act of generosity that should never be
forgotten.
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|
|
England
| 1961, 9 Dec |
Tanganyika
gains independence from Britain
|
| 1963, July 30 |
Philby surfaces
Spy Kim Philby appears in Moscow after his flight from England
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1962, 6 Aug |
Jamaica
Jamaica became independent after being a British
colony for over 300 years.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
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|
|
General
|
England
| 1963, 10 Dec |
Zanzibar
gains independence from Britain
|
| 1963, 12 Dec |
Kenya
gains independence from Britain (National Day)
|
| 1964, 31 July |
Ranger Seven transmits
the American space probe "Ranger Seven" transmitted pictures of
the moon's surface.
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1965, 1 Nov |
Rhodesia proclaimed
Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain by PM Ian D Smith.
This was only the second UDI ever the United States being the first.
|
| 1966, Aug 10 |
Orbiter 1
America's first moon satellite, Orbiter 1, was launched.
Published by W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh Scotland.
Source: Chambers Dates (1983) ISBN 0 550 11827 6
|
| 1966, 4 Oct |
Lesotho
(Basutoland) gains independence from Britain (National Day).
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|
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Scotland
| 1966, 2 Oct |
Ann Louise Sinclair b.
Ann Louise Sinclair born to John and Roslyn Sinclair, Hilston Australia.
Source: milamba
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|
General
|
England
| 1969, 15 Aug |
Woodstock
The Woodstock Music and Arts Festival opened on Max Yasgur's
farm near Bethel, N.Y.
|
|
|
|
General
| 1969, 4 Oct |
UN stamps
UN starts issuing postage stamps at Geneva headquarters.
|
|
|
|
|
General
|
England
| 1970, 4 Oct |
Janis d.
Janis Joplin dies at 27.
|
| 1971, July 30 |
Apollo 15 lands
US Apollo 15 (Scott & Irwin) lands on Mare Imbrium on the Moon
|
| 1972, 31 July |
McGovern loses a VP
American vice presidential choice of Democratic presidential nominee
George McGovern Sen. Thomas Eagleton, D-Mo., withdrew from the
ticket. Six days earlier, Eagleton had revealed that he had previously
been hospitalized for psychiatric treatment.
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|
|
|
General
| 1972, 30 Dec |
Nixon halts bombing
US President halts bombing of North Vietnam & announces peace talks.
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1974, 8 Aug |
Nixon resigns
Richard Nixon announced his resignation as US President -
the first to do so - because of his implication in the Watergate scandal.
Source: Ian Newman
|
| 1974, Aug 9 |
Ford sworn in
Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th President of
America, on the resignation of Richard Nixon - the first
to serve without being chosen by the people in a
National Election. (until Mr Bush that is - - Ian)
Source: Ian Newman
|
| 1974, 31 Dec |
gold legal
US citizens allowed to buy & own gold for 1st time in 40 years.
|
|
|
England
| 1974, July 30 |
Nixon impeachment approved
House Judiciary Committee, by a vote of 21-17,
approved the 3rd
& last charge of "high crimes & misdemeanors" to impeach President Nixon
in the Watergate cover-up. Was ignoring congressional subpoenas.
|
| 1974, 31 July |
Ehrlichman sentenced
Watergate figure John Ehrlichman was sentenced to 20 months in prison
for his role in the break-in at the office of Daniel Ellsberg's
psychiatrist. Ellsberg was the Pentagon consultant who leaked the
"Pentagon Papers," documents about the war in Vietnam.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1975, 2 Dec |
Laos
Lao People's Democratic Republic founded (National Day)
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
| 1978, 19 Nov |
Jonestown suicides
Rev Jim Jones leads 911 people in suicide in Jonestown Guyana
|
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
| 1980, 4 Dec |
Transkei
South Africa grants Transkei independence
|
| 1981, 31 July |
Torrijos d.
The leader of Panama, General Omar Torrijos, was killed in a plane crash.
|
|
|
England
|
|
General
|
England
| 1985, 4 Oct |
Atlantis 1
21st Space Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 1 is launched.
|
| 1985, 5 Oct |
Challenger 6
13th Space Shuttle Mission, Challenger 6 launched.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 1983, 28 Dec |
Amanda Sinclair, b.
Source: "Gary M. Sinclair, Harwich, Ma. USA" <sinclair@gis.net>
|
|
|
General
| 1986, 14 Nov |
Boesky fined
US Security & Exchange Comm impose a record $100 million penalty against Ivan
Boesky
|
|
|
England
|
Scotland
|
General
|
England
| 1997, Aug 31 |
Diana died
Diana, Princess of Wales the first English girl to marry an heir to the
British throne since Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Earl of Clarendon,
wed the future James II in 1660,
died in 31/Aug/1997 (Still 30/Aug/1997 in the United Kingdom)
killed at Place Alma, Paris.
|
|
|
Scotland
|
General
|
|
Scotland
| 1999 8 Oct |
Rachel Stokes b.
Rachel (Niven and Lena's god-daughter) turns one on the 8th October!
Daughter of Margaret Stokes (milamba).
Source: milamba
|
| 1999, 5 Nov |
Sinclair Lords Elected
Malcolm Sinclair, 20th Earl of Caithness,
Peter St Clair-Erskine,
7th Earl of Rosslyn,
elected to the reformed House of Lords by their peers.
|
| 2000, 6 Jan |
Laura Zolo sails
Renowned Italian yachtswoman leaves Venice
to re-enact voyage of the
Zeno Brothers to Orkney;
she is escorted to open sea by the Italian Navy.
|
|
|
General
| 2000, 5 May |
conjunction of 6 planets
First time in 6000 years.
Unfortunately, all the big planets are on the far side of the sun,
and the small planets (Venus and Mercury) will be invisible in front
of the sun.
|
| 2000, 21 June |
Summer Solstice
The longest day of the year and the beginning of summer.
|
|
|
|
Scotland
|
|
|
|
Scotland
| 2000, 8 Sep |
Laura Zolo in Nova Scotia
Laura Zolo and Captain Jack arrive in the 7 Roses
at the town wharf in Guysborough, Nova Scotia,
having retraced the path of the
Zeno Brothers
from Venice to Orkney to Nova Scotia.
|
|
|
|
|
England
| 2001, 11 Sep |
World Trade Towers destroyed
and Pentagon damaged by 3 hijacked U.S. airliners; fourth hijacked airplane
crashes in Pennsylvania after hijackers counterattacked by passengers.
Thousands dead.
|
| 2002, Saturday, 9 Feb |
Princess Margaret d.
In a statement Buckingham Palace said: ``The Queen, with great sadness,
has asked for the following announcement to be made immediately.''
"Her beloved sister, Princess Margaret, died peacefully in her sleep
this morning at 6.30am in the King Edward VII Hospital."
She had a stroke.
She was 71.
|
| 2002, Saturday, 9 Feb |
Princess Margaret d.
In a statement Buckingham Palace said: ``The Queen, with great sadness,
has asked for the following announcement to be made immediately.''
"Her beloved sister, Princess Margaret, died peacefully in her sleep
this morning at 6.30am in the King Edward VII Hospital."
She had a stroke.
She was 71.
|
|
|
Scotland
| 2001, Oct 16 |
Charles Patton d.
Charles Patton, husband of Winifred Jessie Sinclair (dec),
died at 11.30 pm Australian Eastern standard time 16/10/01., aged 98.
He was born in Edinburgh and came to Australia between
the wars. An engineer by training and very gifted with his hands. He was
still driving his car (licensed to drive to 104) at 96. Not much vision nor
hearing but proud and independent.
On behalf of Clan Sinclair Australia, the Committee wishes to send
their sympathy to his family, Craig Sinclair Patton, Jean
Elizabeth Sharp, Duncan Patton and their partners and families. His eldest
daughter Margaret Patton Trask died many years ago.
— Jean Stokes
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William Sinclair, Baron of Roslin and father of